@article{oai:osu.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002403,
 author = {リングホーファー, マンフレッド and RINGHOFER, Manfred},
 journal = {大阪産業大学論集　人文・社会科学編, JOURNAL OF OSAKA SANGYO UNIVERSITY  Humanities & Social Sciences},
 month = {Nov},
 note = {In 2008 Bhutan changed from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional one, after 100 years of ‘dictatorship’, worldwide nobody had cared about it. Amnesty International has been the first actor examining the human rights violations in Bhutan in 1989/90. This involvement led finally to the founding of AHURA JAPAN （Association of Human Rights Activists Japan） in 1993. This NGO sent many appeal cards to many relevant politicians in Bhutan, Nepal, India and UN, asking for a political solution of the refugee issue.
　The strategies of AHURA JAPAN had been a holistic one, not just focusing on one form of assistance, but in accordance of the needs of the refugees, implementing different activities the same time in a continuous way. It started with assistance for documentation, for treatment of torture and rape victims and providing assistance for different needing sectors in education. Most of the advocacy work focused on the dissemination of the truth about the history and present situation of the refugee issue within Japanese society.
　The paper also examines the role of the （Japanese） media and society and the link between the refugee issue and the promulgation of GNH （Gross National Happiness） by the government of Bhutan, starting 1998. The essence of GNH is also analyzed.
　It also shows especially the role of UNHCR, in dealing with the conflict, which could not bring peace and justice to the refugees, only by sending them to third countries, which also divided the refugee community.
　The implementing of ‘democratic’ features after 2008 and the 2010 census can be viewed as the consequences of worldwide activities criticizing Bhutan’s handling of the refugee issue. The role of AHURA JAPAN can be seen as a small contribution to this process.},
 pages = {113--134},
 title = {アフラ・ジャパンのネパール在住ブータン難民支援},
 volume = {43},
 year = {2021}
}